【王中江】孟子的倫理選一包養擇論——從“可欲”到“能”和“為”

Keywords: Ethics selection/desirable/capable/action

Discussing what kind of nature of a person is and what talents a person has acquired, and discussing what kind of virtues it actually expresses and what virtues it has performed. In ordinary terms, there is a difference between the two. Mencius is a symbolic figure in ethics who highly trust people who have acquired ethics and moral abilities (i.e. Mencius’s “nature good deeds” as commonly referred to). It is undeniable that human acquired moral character can provide a certain foundation and ability for human moral life, but it is only this. Because Mencius did not promise that a person in reality would have to be or must be a person with good deeds and virtues. We understand that Mencius reminds and tells people about the differences between people (the similarities of goodness and truth) and birds, as long as there are small differences (“somethings”); we also understand that Mencius also understands the ability and reality of abandoning people’s original conscience (“relax their hearts” and “get rid of their original conscience”).

So, for Mencius, what kind of person is, and whether he can actually use his moral talents and express his moral behavior, he finally decided that he was willing to explain to Song Wei: “It was received in the community,About five or six months old, and the person who hopes to become one depends on what kind of choice he actually made. Only when a person makes ethical choices in reality, forms ethical will and produces ethical behavior can he realize his moral character. Why do people with acquired moral character and talent not be able to do so naturally? The department has different personalities and talents in the acquired character and talent. In the face of miserable social career reality, the ability and choices for differences, especially when facing the conflicting values ​​of each other, the results are of course very different. This is the repetition of human beings, and it is also the difficulty encountered by human beings in their moral choices and actions. Mencius understood this very well, and it was precisely because of this that he used a large number of discussions on differences and methods to put forward. They were all trying to teach people how to be able to and choose between differences and how to make ethical choices and decisions, which were to strive to realize their own moral talents, and to persevere in achieving their own virtues. This is what people really “desirable”, it is the work that people can fully (“can”) do, and it is also the thing that people should strive to do and follow (“for”). From this, the ethical selection and form established by Mencius is mainly like his other thoughts (including “nature good deeds”), and it is obviously also necessary to explore Mencius’ ethical study from this perspective.

1. What is “desirable”?

Just recognize that Mencius’s “nature good deeds” only means that people have certain moral qualities and ability to achieve goodness in reality, rather than that they will naturally have good deeds in reality; just that Mencius’s “heaven” and “destiny” concepts (will be touched later on) does not mean that people are determined to make choices and actions, so what kind of life a person they have to live and become a person is complete and unrestrained. In fact, Mencius never doubted the form on the person: “Fill in the form first.” He immediately took out a clean towel, and his will was unrestrained, which also contained human moral will. Many of Mencius’ words and deeds prove that he believes in human independence, self-reliance, independence and unrestrained energy. It is precisely because a person’s will is highly independent and unrestrained, and at the same time, because a person has a different “self” and faces various differences in actual situations, he can make choices of differences. But this does not mean that a person only needs to make a choice, and his choice is actually a good choice. Therefore, people are not restricted and able to make good choices. First of all, they must understand what is really good, what is worth choosing and doing. In a word, what is desirable and desirable.

Mencius’ answer to this question has different ways. One of these methods is abstract. In this method, Mencius did not specify what is good or what is good value, and what is good. The following is Mencius in this regardSeveral representative statements:

People have no intention, and then they can have no intention. (Mencius: Leaving the Mother II)

Nothing does what he does not do, no desires what he does not want, this is so cruel. (Mencius·安克安克安)

There is nothing to be done if you have not accomplished it; what you have to be worthy of is nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to be done with nothing to (Ibid.)

The combination of these three statements is that they are all chosen by the debater, but they are also said in abstract meanings. Judging from the terms “not doing”, “suppose”, “no doing”, “no desire”, “not doing it”, “will not make it”, “thank you” and “thank you are too weak” used by Mencius, he just explained in the most common meaning how people should make choices, and did not tell people what specific “things” and “values” they should choose.

In the first statement, a person’s “not doing” is the condition of “being committed”. As long as a person does not do certain tasks and gives up certain tasks, he will do other tasks, and he will do something in these tasks. 官网彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩This means that some jobs are not worth choosing and doing, while others are worth choosing and doing. Regardless of the reasons and reasons, if people choose jobs that are not worth choosing and do things that are not worth doing, then they cannot choose things that are worth choosing and do. This is a place where people who say that they have different opinions on the principle of having to have something to do and gain something to lose.